The growth of Wireless LAN's

Until recently, wireless local-area network (LAN) products were used primarily in certain vertical markets—such as retail, education, and health care—where mobile users with a need for LAN access were satisfied with data-transfer rates of 2 megabits per second (Mbps) or less. Even though nearly all wireless LANs were extensions of wired LANs, the proprietary nature and slow speeds of wireless LANs forced organization to manage wireless LANs as sole entities. To make wireless LANs more “mainstream,” customers pressed vendors to build up a high-speed wireless LAN standard that would encourage interoperability, reduce prices, and offer the and width needed by today’s business applications. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ratify an addition to a previous standard. Called IEEE 802.11b, it defines the standard for wireless LAN products that run at an Ethernet-like data rate of 11 Mbps, a speed that makes wireless LAN technology viable in enterprises and other large organizations in the 1999. Interoperability of wireless LAN products from dissimilar vendors is ensured by an self-determining group called the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA), which brands compliant products as “Wi-Fi.” Dozens or many of vendors market Wi-Fi products, and organizations of every size and type are considering, if not deploying, wireless LANs. Demand for wireless entrance to LANs is fueled by the development of mobile computing devices, such as laptops and personal digital assistants, and a desire by users for continual connections to the network not including having to “plug in.” There will be over a billion mobile devices by 2003, and the wireless LAN market is projected to grow to over US$2 billion by 2002.

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Introduction to Nanobots

Robert A. Freitas Jr. visualizes a future "vasculoid" (vascular-like machine) that would replace human blood with some 500 trillion nanorobots distributed throughout the body’s vasculature as a coating. It could eradicate heart disease, stroke, and other vascular problems; remove parasites, bacteria, viruses, and metastasizing cancer cells to limit the spread of bloodborne disease; move lymphocytes faster to improve immune response; reduce susceptibility to chemical, biochemical, and parasitic poisons; improve physical endurance and stamina; and partially protect from various accidents and other physical harm. With the availablitity of mature molecular nanotechnology we could replace blood with a single complex robot. This robot would copy all necessary thermal and biochemical transport functions of the blood, including circulation of respiratory gases, glucose, hormones, cytokines, waste products, and all essential cellular components. The device would be traditional to ! the shape of existing blood vessels. Ideally, it would substitute natural blood so thoroughly that the rest of the body would remain, essentially unaffected. It is, in effect, a mechanically engineered redesign of the human circulatory system that attempts to put together itself as an intimate personal appliance with minimal adaptation on the part of the host human body. Molecular nanotechnology has been defined as the three-dimensional positional organize of molecular structure to create materials and devices to molecular precision. The human body is comprise of molecules, hence the ease of use of molecular nanotechnology will authorize dramatic progress in human medical services. Nanomedicine will employ molecular machine system to address medical problems, and will use molecular knowledge to maintain and look up human health at the molecular scale. Nanobots will have amazing and far-reaching insinuation for the medical profession, for the definition of disease, for the diag! n osis and treatment of medical conditions including aging, and eventually for the improvement and extension of natural human biological structure and function. "Nanomedicine is the protection and development of human health with molecular tools and molecular knowledge of the human body."

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Bluetooth Wireless Technology

Bluetooth wireless technology is a de facto typical, as well as specification for small low cost, short-range links between mobile PCs, phones and other portable devices, even home appliances. It will enable users to connect a wide range of computing and telecommunication devices easily and simple without the need to buy car or connect cable, it delivers opportunities for sapid and hoc connections, and the possibility of automatic, unconscious, connection between devices.

The Bluetooth wireless technology provide the means for the substitute of cables and infrared links that connect one device to another with a universal short-range radio link. Although this technology was originally developed for replacing cables, it has now evolved into a way to make small radio LANs.Bluetooth system is faster than mobile phones, including the upcoming third -generation, or 3G, high-speed wireless data Transmission.

Palm source popularized wireless device to device communication with infrared by putting an infrared port on every palm OS handheld. From the advent of the first palm OS hand heads in 1995 the ideas of “beaming” information become a cultural phenomenon. Business cards content and application began to move from one device to another with incredible ease. Now palm source is in owe ting again by pioneering and populisering Bluetooth in mobile devices .with this wireless technology entering the market in a myriad of Palm OS handhelds Palm Source is helping to create exciting new renue-genareting opportunitings for the palm economy.

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Blu-ray Discs

A new technology emerged that brought digital sound and video into homes all over the world in the 1997. It was called, and it revolutionized the movie industry.
In 2006, the industry is set for yet another revolution with the introduction of Blu-ray Discs (BD). With their high storage capacity, Blu-ray discs can hold and play back large quantities of high-definition video and audio, as well as photos, data and other digital content.
A current, single-sided, standard DVD can hold 4.7 GB of information. That's about the size of an average two-hour, standard-definition movie with a few extra features. But a high-definition movie, which has a much clearer image (, takes up about five times more bandwidth and therefore requires a disc with about five times more storage. As Television and movie studios make the move to high definition, consumers are going to need playback systems with a lot more storage capacity.

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MPEG-7

MPEG-7 is an ISO/IEC standard being developed by MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group), the committee that also developed the successful standards known as MPEG-1 (1992) and MPEG-2 (1995), the MPEG-4 standard (Version 1 in 1998, and version 2 in 1999).
The MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 standards have enabled the production of widely adopted commercial products, such as CD-interactive, DVD.MPEG-4 is the first real multimedia representation standard, allowing interactivity and a combination of natural and synthetic material, coded in the form of objects.
MPEG-7 is formally called ‘Multimedia Content Description Interface’, a means of attaching metadata to multimedia content.
MPEG-7 is a standardized description of various types of multimedia information. This description will be associated with the content itself, to allow fast and efficient searching for material that is of interest to the user. The standard does not comprise the (automatic) extraction of descriptions/features.Nor does it specify the search engine (or any other program) that can make use of the description.
In other words: MPEG-7 specifies a standard set of descriptors that can be used to describe various types of multimedia information. MPEG-7 also standardizes ways to define other descriptors as well as structures (Description Schemes) for the descriptors and their relationships. This description (i.e. the combination of descriptors and description schemes) is associated with the content itself, to allow fast and efficient searching for material of a user’s interest. MPEG-7 also standardizes a language to specify description schemes, i.e. a Description Definition Language (DDL). AV material that has MPEG-7 data associated with it, can be indexed and searched for. This ‘material’ may include: still pictures, graphics, 3D models, audio, speech, video, and information about how these elements are combined in a multimedia presentation (‘scenarios’, composition information). Special cases of these general data types may include facial expressions and personal characteristics.

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Eyegaze System

Imagine yourself being a intelligent, motivated, and working person in the fiercely competitive market of information technology, but just one problem You can't use your hands. Or you can't speak. How do you do your job? How do you stay employed? You can, because of a very good gift from computer Industry : The Eyegaze, a communication & control system you run with your eyes.

The Eyegaze System is a direct-select vision-controlled communication and control system. It was developed in Fairfax, Virginia, by LC Technologies, Inc

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What Is needed to Build 4G Networks Of Future??

A number of spectrum allocation decisions, spectrum standardization decisions, spectrum availability decisions, technology innovations, component development, signal processing and switching enhancements and inter-vendor cooperation have to take place before the vision of 4G will materialize. We have the experiences of previous generations especially that of 3G, this will be useful in guiding the industry in this effort. Few factors that should be undertaken are as follows:-

Lower Price Points Only Slightly Higher than Alternatives

The business visionaries should do some economic modeling before they start 4G hype on the same lines as 3G hype. They should understand that 4G data applications like streaming video must compete with very low cost wire line applications. The users would pay only a delta premium (not a multiple) for most wireless applications.

More Coordination among Spectrum Regulators around the World

Spectrum regulation bodies must get involved in guiding the researchers by indicating which frequency band might be used for 4G.

More Academic Research

Universities must spend more effort in solving fundamental problems in radio communications especially multiband and wideband radios, intelligent antennas and signal processing. Standardization of wireless networks in terms of modulation techniques, switching schemes and roaming is an absolute necessity for 4G.

Integration Across Different Network Topologies

Network architects must base their architecture on hybrid network concepts that integrates wireless wide area networks, wireless LANS. Broadband wireless networks must be a part of this integrated network architecture.

Non-disruptive Implementation

4G must allow us to move from 3G to 4G.

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Current Trends In 4G Nework

There are four technical trends from the current trends what are considered among pioneers in this moment but they have well-grounded concepts. They are: content provision and agents, software radio, managing ad hoc networks and virtual private networks.

Content Provision and Agents

In the future the group of network supporters and the group of content-providers will be different significantly. The customer could pick and choose among the mobile application and their providers what offer high level of performance. The user chooses the best news reader program to his terminal and what is more he will determine his network supporter, too. So-called agent-technology will help his decision.

Agent means a special, intelligent program which runs basically on the owner terminal or it starts his work on it. Its aim to collect the user's habits in telecommunication and everyday life time and to offer gathered services based on them. Often these programs create new agents what run independently from user's terminal and travel indifferent networks to complete tasks of their parent agents. They contact to network supporters and to information or application providers to collect information with interest of user in view. Finally they compose a list of found and suitable services. Advantages of this technology are: the agents could accomplish multiple tasks (data mining, self location, finding other agents and users, etc) due to programmed intelligent; the agents usually do not run on user's equipment so they do not allocate its resources but they run on specified systems (for example Internet); the processed results could be displayed on the screen of mobile device easily. Other way, the monitoring of networks could be easier, too.

Software Radio

S/w radio is a newer tendency to reduce the number of components of h/w but to keep on the performance of functionality of the radio terminal. S/w radio is an emerging technology, thought to build flexible radio systems, multi user-vice, multi standard, reconfigurable and reprogrammable by software. The flexibility of an SW radio system consists in its capability to operate in multi service environments, without being constrained to a particular standard, but able to offer, in theory, services of any already standardized systems or future ones on any radio frequency band. The users could take a trip round the world with a SW radio, and he is able to communicate anywhere even though the local radio parameters (modulation, bandwidth) could be different than at home system. Any changes in functionality of radio could be caused by reloading the software of radio across the air interface. The software radio concept has several advantages. For manufacturers, there is the possibility to concentrate research and development efforts on a reduced hardware platform set, applicable to every cellular system and market. Mass production of this kind of terminals would allow lowered costs. Operators will be able to rapidly roll out new services tailored to the needs of each user. The advantages for users are the possibility to roam their communications to other cellular systems and take advantage of worldwide mobility. Moreover, users can configure their terminals according to their preferences.

Forging ahead of Ad Hoc Networks

We assume that the fourth generation mobile networks will mean globalize and uniform system. In the case of existing of more than one million users the efficient resource managing will be required because the frequency bandwidth and the data processing capabilities are limited. Situations could be evolved where users are close to each other but a distant base control processes their radio signals in conformity with current protocols. A reasonable solution is that the terminals should be able to transact their packet-based traffic among them while there is no need for administration of distance base control. In this way a lot of resources are freed and they could be reallocated.

Ad hoc networks are a set of uniform devices where the terminals have the identical hardware platform and there are no other assigned fix-settled equipments to control the systems. This type of network could provide better performance in particular cases. Situations of ad hoc will be usually in 2010 in everyday life. In our home the conventional tools and utensils will be "clever". For example the refrigerator will be able to sense the decrease of foods and it will order them using the Internet; our coffeemaker will make an offer about our breakfast; our heating system will adapt to our present at home; TV will find our programme-watching habits out and it will try to propose us the available best TV channels. Of course, there would be outdoor cases too

(disasters, extended network failures, etc) where the fix-settled infrastructures come to unusable states but the communications are required strongly. In this situation a fourth generation network with ad hoc extension could stand in the gap.

Virtual Private Networks

We could determine the rule that terminals of a world-wide communication system are far cheaper than others. It follows users' requirement that they want to establish a special private network based on it. For example a firm would like to deploy a mobile communication system to solve the communication problems between the employees but there are difficulties because of the high price of unique system and the frequency band allocation is a complex administrative task, too. Instead of it the solution would be easier if the firm could make a contract with a local or a global network supporter to divide its network reallocating resources; so the network supporter assigns a virtual private network to this firm what's workers could access to the network of their firm using a standard device. Of course, the fourth generation mobile networks require high security level, so efficient security and authentication processes should have been worked up. Naturally, stability of these systems are very important, too. Also bigger social group could have resort to a kind of networks we have to analyze the fourth generation networks whether they will have strong and efficient security processes to guarantee a level of data safety where general civic administration tasks would be done (e.g. prolongation of a driving license or execution of a general election). So practice of civic rights would be very cheap and the social decisions would be faster than nowadays. Disadvantage of it is the dependence upon the technology. It is easy to see that kind of extension of fourth generation mobile networks will be developed by above a limit of user requirements.

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Realization Of Fourth Generation Mobile Networks

Analyzing the 4G mobile systems by developing parameters it will be a complete network if set of features are realized like below. Majority of people can access to voice or data-based services that are provided by mobile networks. The mobile network is able to attach to Internet fully because of basic concept of it. In this way IP ­based technologies would be used through mobile network (e.g. VoIP, Voice over IP). Problem of virtual private networks is worked out their security and data-protection are warrantable (Security and authentication technology are improved well). The network is able to realign itself (It manages several type of backbone and it uses the best one, it means adaptation). The system is able to keep on Qos parameters (Quality of Service). Parameter of availability of communication network is close to 100%. Application what are required by a daily normal lifestyle will be run on mobile terminals without any restriction (e.g. news reading with multimedia, sending some orders, voice recording and pocket-secretary functions). A universal s/w/h/w interface could be standardized what should facilitate to develop new services without any problem.

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User's Expectations From 4G Mobile Networks

It is really difficult to imagine the scenario that will take place when 4G will be implemented throughout the world, around 2006. With all its features it will make the world really hi-tech. People will able to apply and to value new services, devices and possibilities. Communication will become a kind of citizen right. Globalization will show up strongly because the everyday life will be simpler and cheaper.

New type of ip/op devices will come up for the sake of fast data exchange (glasses displaying 3D virtual world, collapsible screens, e-paper, voice and handwriting recognition). 4G terminals will be available for everyone. Access to the 4G mobile systems will be low-priced. Amount of users will reach a high level.

There will be a heavy competition between applications and service-providers for users. Quality of Internet access by wire or wireless will be equal or almost the same (quality of content-providing will be excellent using a mobile terminal). Multimedia will be required to the trivial work (multimedia mean a kind of extra information). Some economic, social or state groups could maintain own part-networks (virtual private networks will be used well at administration, personal data-managing.

It follows that the mobile networks should be stable and dependable, should be available for 24 hours per day. Conception of a global telecommunication system becomes real; for example a telephone or data call from a jungle to an advanced mega-city should be trouble free. Easy interconnection of different systems (e.g. GPS, Internet, other communication networks) will be there. This effect that the man is not able to vanish in the Earth, but this man could be found easily anywhere he stays

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Why Going For 4G Even Before 3G Isnot Fully Implemented?

3G performance may not be sufficient to meet needs of future high-performance applications like multi-media, full-motion video, and wireless teleconferencing. We need a network technology that extends 3G capacity by an order of magnitude. There are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to roam and interoperate across networks. We need global mobility and service portability. 3G is based on primarily a wide-area concept. We need hybrid networks that utilize both wireless LAN (hot spot) concept and cell or base-station wide area network design. We need wider bandwidth. Researchers have come up with spectrally more efficient modulation schemes that can not be retrofitted into 3G infrastructure. We need all digital packet networks that utilize IP in its fullest form with converged voice and data capability.

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Comparision Between 1G,2G,3G and 4G

Before knowing about the advancements in 4G let us have a look at the previous generations, their features and drawbacks.

The first operational cellular communication system was deployed in the Norway in 1981 and was followed by similar systems in the US and UK. These first generation systems provided voice transmissions only, using frequencies around 900 MHz. These 1G systems used analog modulation and provide only for voice transmission. The 1G adapted cellular structure. The roaming function was missing in 1G. These 1G systems which provided low quality voice services, were very limited in capacity and did not extend across geographic areas.

Digital second generation (2G) systems were developed in Europe in early 1990s (mainly GSM, based on TDMA technology) and the US (mainly IS95, based on CDMA technology) to provide better voice (audio) quality, higher capacity, global roaming capability as well as lower power consumption. 2G systems also offer support for simple non-voice services like SMS. However, different 2G technologies do not interoperate. There are also difficulties with roaming between GSM and IS95 countries. In addition, the low bit rate of 2G systems (9.6kbps for GSM) cannot meet subscriber demands for new and faster non-voice services on the move. In spite of this due to the intensive developments in microelectronics second generation was quite successful. The weight of the terminals (handset) considerably decreased (from 1 kilogram to few grams). Due to their more user-friendly structure, the appearance of the SIM card and their services based on circuit switched digital communication millions of user opted for this successful system and chose a GSM terminal. The roaming function has been solved as well, the clients can use also the services of other providers and services have become available even in abroad in about the same quality and range, too.

So-called ‘2.5G’ systems recently introduced, enhance the data capacity of GSM and mitigate some of its limitations. It allows cell phones to surf the web but in a very limited way.

Third generation (3G) systems aim to solve the problems encountered with 2G, by promising global roaming across 3G standards, as well as support for multimedia applications. The new third generation (3G) cellular services known as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) or IMT-2000 will sustain higher data rates still and opens the door to many internet style applications. 3G Systems achieve cellular re-use by using a technique called CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). With the advent of 3G systems, and its accompanying mobile applications and services, mobile devices will become more than just a hand phone or a basic electronic organiser. Hybrid devices will appear in the near future, supporting traditional voice, video streaming and downloads, as well as Internet and Intranet access. 3G’s high bit rate capabilities will allow the convergence of value-added data and voice services on the same mobile device. This will dramatically change the way people communicate, work and carry out their daily lives.

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What Is 4G ?

Depending on the level of the reader 4G can be defined in different ways. In simplest terms, 4G is the next generation of wireless networks that will replace 3G networks sometimes in future. In another context, 4G is simply an initiative by academic R&D labs to move beyond the limitations and problems of 3G which is having trouble getting deployed and meeting its promised performance and throughput. In reality, as of first half of 2002, 4G is a conceptual framework for or a discussion point to address future needs of a universal high speed wireless network that will interface with wire line backbone network seamlessly.

Here's something we don't see often: a wireless technology that could actually arrive earlier than predicted. Fourth-generation (4G) cellular services, intended to provide mobile data at rates of 100Mbits/sec or more, were originally scheduled for 2010. Some cell phone companies have moved the target up to 2006, while rival wireless systems could bring similar bandwidth to a few fortunate networkers a lot sooner.

Two aspects characterize the resulting fourth generation wireless network scenario (4G). First, the network consists of a collection of heterogeneous networks that provide end-to-end IP connectivity over wireless. In addition, it is a "stupid network" scenario, where the network only provides packet transport, and therefore it is an "operator-less" network with respect to services. This scenario also implies that the mobile users and devices that participate in communication over 4G must become smarter, i.e., they must be able to respond to a wide range of events.

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4G Network

Recently the introduction of the third generation mobile networks has just been taking place which holds out the possibilities what have never been seen before. Every mobile generation created something new and more valuable for the users in comparison with previous networks and this will be the case also with the appearance of the fourth generation.

As time and the technology progresses, people get used to having access to information at any time, independently of the presence of any cables. Moreover, people want to have continuous high quality services and, at the same time, are unaware of how they will get it and where they are going next. Hence, they need a functioning mobile infrastructure capable of handling high amounts of data. Current mobile standards (the so called "2G", second generation, networks) can be used to transfer data at very limited speed. The recently implementing generation, 3G, will offer better data transfer capabilities, but its speed is still insufficient for many desired applications like video conferencing. Only the next generation, "4G", the fourth generation, will offer data transfer at fully acceptable rate.

However, since the 4G will need to use higher frequencies, it also provides much smaller coverage area per base station. This means, in particular, that while users could enjoy continuous video conferencing, a more complicated infrastructure of service providers has to be set up. Some effort has been done to elaborate on the 4G technical solutions but less on the economical side of this problem.

4G will provide different features like fully packet switching networks, higher bandwidths for providing multimedia services at cheaper rates, higher bit rates approx 100 mega bits per second, very high network security etc. It will have interactive multimedia services such as wireless internet and teleconferencing.

The 4G technology was predicted to become applicable around 2010 but due to so many features and facilities the researchers had put their efforts and by investing $30 billion the technology will be available by 2006, something which has never happened before.

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